RESUMO O período da pós-menopausa é caracterizado por 12 meses consecutivos de amenorreia. Além de afetar o sistema reprodutivo e a produção de hormônios sexuais, principalmente o estrógeno, essas mulheres apresentam aumento da gordura corporal total, principalmente na região central, o que está relacionado com o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças crônicas, como dislipidemia, aterosclerose e resistência à insulina. Dessa forma, diferentes programas de exercício físico, aeróbico, resistido ou combinado (aeróbico e resistido em uma mesma sessão) podem ser uma forma interessante de tratamento não farmacológico para a prevenção e melhora dos desfechos. Entretanto, as adaptações promovidas pelos diferentes programas de exercício sobre a composição corporal, perfil lipídico e glicêmico não estão claras na literatura e precisam ser elucidadas. Assim sendo, esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir as diferentes adaptações do treinamento aeróbico, resistido e combinado na composição corporal, perfil lipídico e glicêmico de mulheres na pós-menopausa.

ABSTRACT The postmenopausal period is characterized by 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea. In addition to affecting the reproductive system and the production of sex hormones, mainly estrogen, these women present an increase in total body fat especially in the central region, which is related to the development of several chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. Therefore, different programs of physical exercise, aerobic or resistance or combined (aerobic and resistance in the same session) may be an interesting form of non-pharmacological treatment for the prevention and improvement of outcomes. However, the adaptations promoted by the different exercise programs on the body composition, lipid and glycemic profiles are not clear in the literature and need to be elucidated. Hence, this review aims to discuss the different adaptations of aerobic, resistance and combined training in body composition, lipid, and glycemic profile of postmenopausal women.

RESUMEN El período de posmenopáusico se caracteriza por 12 meses consecutivos de amenorrea. Además de afectar el sistema reproductivo y la producción de hormonas sexuales, principalmente el estrógeno, estas mujeres tienen aumento de grasa corporal total, particularmente en la región central, lo que está relacionado con el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades crónicas, como dislipidemia, aterosclerosis y resistencia a la insulina. Por lo tanto, diferentes programas de ejercicio físico, aeróbico, de resistencia o combinado (aeróbico y de resistencia en una misma sesión) pueden ser una manera interesante de tratamiento no farmacológico para la prevención y mejora de los resultados. Sin embargo, las adaptaciones promovidas por los diferentes programas de ejercicios sobre la composición corporal, perfil de lípidos y glucémico no están claras en la literatura y necesitan ser elucidadas. De esta manera, esta revisión tiene como objetivo discutir las diferentes adaptaciones de entrenamiento aeróbico, de resistencia y combinado en la composición corporal, perfil lipídico y glucémico de mujeres en la posmenopausia.

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immune and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study comprising 49 postmenopausal women (aged 59.26 ± 8.32 years) without regular physical exercise practice. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, insulin and estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x) and reported as a percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior and MVPA. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS 17.0, with a significance level set at 5%. Results Sedentary women had a positive relationship between trunk fat and IL-6 (rho = 0.471; p = 0.020), and trunk fat and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.418; p = 0.042). Adiponectin and fat mass (%) were only positively correlated in physically active women (rho = 0.441; p = 0.027). Physically active women with normal trunk fat values presented a 14.7% lower chance of having increased HOMA-IR levels (β [95%CI] = 0.147 [0.027; 0.811]). Conclusions The practice of sufficient levels of MVPA was a protective factor against immunometabolic disorders in postmenopausal women.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a relação da atividade física (AF) e massa corporal magra total (BLM), de pernas (LLM) e braços (ALM) em mulheres na menopausa. Participaram do estudo 62 mulheres (61.2±7.6 anos). A pratica habitual de AF foi avaliada através do acelerômetro marca Actigraph GT3X e foi expressa em minutos por semana de AF leve e moderada-vigorosa, e AF total. A amostra foi dicotomizada em dois grupos de acordo com a prática semanal de AF moderada-vigorosa; grupo fisicamente ativo (>=150 minutos) e insuficientemente ativo (<150 minutos). A medidas de composição corporal foram estimadas utilizando o DEXA e foi reportada como percentual. A comparação entre os grupos de AF e a massa corporal magra total e segmentar foram realizadas pelo test t independente. A associação entre os tercis de BLM e os grupos de AF foi realizado pelo Qui-quadrado. O grupo fisicamente ativo apresentou maiores valores médios para BML (52.8±5.4 vs 49.8±4.7; p=0.028) e LLM (17.1±2.2 vs 15.9±1.8; p=0.026), enquanto que a diferença para ALM não foi estatisticamente diferente. Quando o BLM foi categorizado em tercis, 44.7% das mulheres fisicamente ativas se encontravam no tercil superior, enquanto que apenas 16.7% das insuficientemente ativas se encontravam nesse tercil. Mulheres na menopausa que despende maior tempo tempo em AF moderada-vigorosa podem apresentar maiores valores de massa corporal magra total e segmentar.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity (PA) and total body (BLM), leg (LLM) and arm lean mass (ALM) in menopausal women. Sixty two 62 menopausal women were included (61.2±7.6 years). Their practice of PA was assessed by Actigraph GT3X accelerometer, and is reported as minutes per week of light or moderate-vigorous PA, and total PA. The sample was dichotomized into two groups according to their weekly practice of PA moderate-vigorous; physically active (>=150 minutes) and insufficiently active (<150 minutes). Body composition measures were assessed by DXA and were reported as percentages. Comparisons between the groups of PA and total and segmental lean body mass were performed by independent t test. Association between the tertile of BLM and the groups of PA were performed by chi-square test. Physically active women showed significantly higher mean values for BLM (52.8±5.4 vs 49.8±4.7; p=0.028) and LLM (17.1±2.2 vs 15.9±1.8; p=0.026), whereas the difference in the ALM was not significant. When the BLM was categorized into tertiles, it was significantly greater in physically active women (higher tertile=44.7%), compared with the insufficiently active women (higher tertile=16.7%). Menopausal women who spent more minutes engaged in moderate-vigorous PA can showed higher BLM and LLM.

A agricultura orgânica no Brasil cresce a taxas superiores a 30% ao ano, devido principalmente à maior conscientização dos consumidores que buscam alimentos saudáveis, livres de resíduos químicos e biológicos. Dentre as hortaliças cultivadas em sistema orgânico, o tomate constitui grande desafio para os produtores devido à inexistência de recomendações de manejo cultural e de cultivares desenvolvidas específicas para esse sistema de cultivo. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de tomate sob sistema orgânico, em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de maio a outubro de 2004 em campo, no município de Araraquara-SP. O delineamento experimental adotado foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos (cultivares Avalon, Colibri, HTX-5415, HTX-8027, Sahel, San Marzano, San Vito e Jane). As plantas foram conduzidas em fileiras duplas, com duas hastes por planta no espaçamento de 0,8 m entre linhas e 0,6 m entre plantas (cerca de 20.000 plantas ha-1), sem poda apical. O híbrido Sahel destacou-se com o melhor desempenho para rendimento comercial. A traça-do-tomateiro se revelou como fator limitante à produção de tomate em sistema orgânico, sendo responsável, em média, por 17% de danos nos frutos colhidos das oito cultivares que foram avaliadas.

Organic agriculture in Brazil has been increasing about 30% per year over the last few years, since consumers are seeking for healthier foods, i.e. nutritious and free of pesticide residues. Among organically grown vegetable crops, tomato is an attractive economic opportunity for growers. However, the lack of information about management practices and adapted cultivars to organic production systems under protected cultivation are pointed out as important constraints that prevents this activity to expand. This work aimed at evaluating the performance of indeterminate tomato cultivars in organic management systems in unheated plastic greenhouse. In both experiments tomato plants were staked. Plant spacing was 1.5 m between rows and 0.35 m between plants. They were planted in double line and spaced 0.8 m between lines and 0.6 m between plants (about 20,000 plants ha-1). The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design, with four replications and eight treatments (cultivars: Avalon, Colibri, HTX-5415, HTX-8027, Sahel, San Marzano, San Vito, and Jane). Sahel hybrid exhibited an outstanding performance for marketable yield under organic cultivation. Tomato pinworm (Tuta absoluta) was a serious limiting pest for organically grown tomatoes, responding for 17% of damage in the fruits harvested from the evaluated cultivars.

Cyperus rotundus L. has allelopathic effects on crops. This study focuses on allelopathy of CYPRO on the cultivar IAC-SP 93-6006 of Saccharum spp. Two experiments were conducted in semi field conditions by 30 days in pots of 35 L, where 10 stood esquires of sugarcane with one bud were planted, previously treated with extracts of the allelopathic components at concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 g of weed bulbs milled, suspended in 1 liter of distilled water and filtered, then suspension was pulverized (Experiment 1) or submerged 1 minute (Experiment 2). The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications. The substrate was Rhodic Hapludox soil, humus and sand (1:1:1). Bud sprouting of cane was evaluated each 10 days. Epigean phytomass of plants were weighed at 30 days after dry at 60 °C for 48 h. Results showed that C. rotundus did not have allelopathic effects on the germination of cultivar IAC-SP93-6006 in both experiments, with a germination of 100%; but growth was affected significantly in two experiments. Two quadratic equations were generated to describe allelopathic effect of CYPRO on dry mass production. In the pulverization method R2 = 0.81 with equation adjustment y = 5.46029000 _ 0.0317140X + 0.00008496X2, and R2 = 0.79 and equation y = 4.82086000 _0.04037430X + 0.000014257X2 in submersion experiment.

El CYPRO (Cyperus rotundus L.) ejerce efectos alelopáticos sobre plantas cultivadas. El presente estudio trata sobre alelopatia de C. rotundus sobre Saccharum spp. cv. IAC-SP 93-6006. En condiciones de semicampo se condujeron dos experimentos por 30 días en macetas de 35 L en las que se plantaron 10 esquejes uniyemares de caña previamente tratados con extractos de los componentes alelopáticos a concentraciones de 0 (testigo), 50, 100, 150 y 200 g de bulbos de la maleza molidos, suspendidos en 1 L de agua destilada y filtrados, en pulverización (experimento 1) o sumergidos por 1 min (experimento 2). El diseño experimental fue de bloques totalmente aleatorizados con cinco repeticiones. El sustrato fue suelo Rhodic Hapludox, arena y mantillo (1:1:1). Cada 10 días se determinó la brotación de las yemas de caña. A los 30 días se pesó la fitomasa epigea de plantas previamente secada a 60°C por 48 h. Los resultados revelaron que C. rotundus no ejerció efecto en la brotación del cv. IAC-SP93-6006 en los dos experimentos con una germinación de 100%, mientras que el crecimiento fue afectado significativamente en ambos. Se generaron dos ecuaciones cuadráticas para describir el efecto alelopático del CYPRO en la producción de fitomasa seca. La de pulverización fue y = 5,46029000 _ 0,0317140X + 0,00008496X2 y R2 = 0,81; y la de inmersión correspondió a y = ,82086000 _ 0,04037430X + 0,000014257X2 y R2 = 0,79.